Why is Nipah virus more deadly than Covid-19?

 About Nipah

Like Covid-19, Nipah virus is a highly contagious virus.  It is transmitted from animals to humans.  The first case was seen in Malaysia.  Cases of the virus have since been confirmed in Singapore and Bangladesh.  The virus is spread from pigs and sheep to humans.


It can range from mild to severe.  If a pig is infected, it can be passed from one person to another.  Similarly, the fruit on the tree is eaten by an infected goat.  It moves even if it comes in contact with a person.  Also, it is more likely to be transmitted through the urine of a goat.  How to distinguish between Nipah virus and Covid-19 virus?  It is not easy to separate Covid-19 and Nipa.  Because some of its symptoms are similar.  A person infected with both viruses develops a fever, headache, and lung problems.  It has slightly less respiratory problems than Covid-19.  However, the mortality rate from Nipah virus infection is higher than that from Covid-19.  Nipah infection has a 50 to 75 percent mortality rate in people with headaches.  This means that 3 out of 4 infected people die.  Symptoms appear 4 to 14 days after infection with the virus.  People with respiratory problems have a higher risk of moving from one person to another.  Primarily, it causes more damage to the scalp.  So far, the infection has not been seen in Nepal.  However, once it is confirmed in neighboring India, it cannot be said that it will not be seen in Nepal.  As the border will be opened in the approaching Dashain Tihar, there is a strong possibility that the infection will spread in Nepal.

Survival measures

1.  To avoid scurvy and sick pigs, pig keepers should also pay attention to personal hygiene.

2.  Public taps, pond water should not be consumed and used as much as possible.  Because, Chamero may have eaten that water.

3.  Do not eat false fruit eaten by any bird or fruit that has fallen on the ground.

4.  Residents living near Chamero's residence should be more vigilant.

5.  A person with symptoms of infection should be examined immediately and isolated as much as possible.  Is it possible to cure it?  The diagnosis of this virus has not been found yet.  Rivavirin was once thought to be effective against the virus.  However, so far it has only been tested in the laboratory.  Humans have not been tested.  In 2020, work has begun on a vaccine against it.  Which is being studied and researched.  Before coming to Nepal, the government should raise awareness among the people and make necessary preparations for its control and prevention.  For this, it seems necessary to make a separate unit like Covid-19.  Because, the mortality rate of Nipah virus is very high.  As it is seen that up to 3 out of 4 infected people will die, it is necessary to prepare for it in every possible way.

Eight Habits That Damage Your Kidneys

 

Fig. Kidneys 

Knowingly or unknowingly, our daily habits may also be affecting the kidneys.  Negligence is also a major factor in the impact on the kidneys, which is often concerned with human health.

Which are as follows:

1. The habit of consuming too much salt

Eating too much salt or other salty foods can also damage the kidneys.  Salt raises sodium blood pressure, which affects the kidneys.

2. The habit of holding back urine

When you stop urinating, the urine bag fills up.  Urine fills up and reaches the kidneys.  Bacteria in the urine damage the kidneys.

3. The habit of drinking less water

Drinking more or less water The body needs to drink 8 to 10 glasses of water daily.  Disorders that accumulate in the body even after drinking a small amount of water affect the regular functioning of the kidneys.  Drinking too much water also affects the kidneys.

4. The habit of smoking

Cigarettes or tobacco smokers or smokers accumulate toxins in the body which can damage the kidneys.  Smoking raises blood pressure and ultimately affects the kidneys.

5. When drinking more cold drinks

According to a study done in Japan, people who drink a lot of cold drinks or cold drinks are also more likely to have kidney damage.  The orthophosphoric acid in cold drinks can cause serious damage to the kidneys.

6. Excessive eating habits

People who eat more than normal people also have kidney problems.  Eating more increases weight.  Even if you are overweight, there are various problems related to the kidneys.

7. The habit of eating too much

Eating a lot of non-vegetarian meat contains enough protein.  Too much protein increases the metabolic load on the kidneys and causes kidney stone problems.

8. The habit of not sleeping late at night

People who do not sleep for 7 to 8 hours a day tend to have high blood pressure and heart problems.  Blood pressure and heart disease cause kidney problems

How deadly is the overuse of antibiotics?

How deadly is the overuse of antibiotics?

Antibiotics drugs 

Antibiotics are chemical substances that have the ability to kill only the bacteria in the body.  Antibiotics are drugs that have the ability to kill certain elements in the cells of bacteria.

Simply put, antibiotics are drugs that have the ability to kill certain bacteria in the body.

When to use?

Antibiotics should be used only when it is determined that the physical problem is caused by bacteria.

When antibiotics are used indiscriminately, bacteria develop the ability to fight them.  Due to which the effect of medicine does not remain in our body.  When the bacteria change their cells, antibiotics don't work for us and the problem gets worse.

The full dose should be taken after using antibiotics.  Otherwise bacteria attack in another form.

Antibiotics are not the only cure for the disease.  After taking antibiotics, it destroys the infected bacteria in the body.  Depending on the type of bacteria, antibiotics should be used.  Its quantity, duration, time should all be taken care of.

However, in any case, you take antibiotics.  This type of use increases the body's defenses against bacteria.  Changes cells.  This is called 'drug resistance'.

This is a big complication.  When the bacteria in the body change their cells, the effect of the drug decreases.  The disease flares up again.  And, that gets even louder.

We are not aware of the use of antibiotics.  After taking antibiotics, a certain dose must be completed.  But, we buy drugs indiscriminately.  Use arbitrarily.  Once your problem is cured, we leave without completing the dose of medicine.

Another important thing is that antibiotics should be started as soon as it is determined that the problem is caused by bacteria.  If this is not done, the bacteria will change their cells, which we do not have the medical ability to fight.

When antibiotics are developed, it is estimated how long they can work in the body.  The amount of the drug in the body is checked.

That is why you should take antibiotics as prescribed by the doctors, because the body cannot get the amount of antibiotics below or above that time.  When the body does not get the medicine it needs, it may lose its ability to do the job or kill the bacteria.

So if you take antibiotics once a day, you have to take it twice or thrice a day.

Advantages and disadvantages of antibiotics

Antibiotics, also known as 'magic bullets', are a miraculous gift in the medical field.  Properly covered, it will withstand a great deal of adverse conditions.  Such antibiotics can cause any bacterial infection.  It can shorten the long-term treatment and cure it in a short time.

Since it can be used in various diseases, the benefits of antibiotics are many.

But if it is not used properly, it can be very useless.  Moreover, it is seen to have a great impact on future generations.  E.g.,

Do not take antibiotics on time

Do not complete the dose

Also, when using antibiotics, it affects some of the cells in the body, so it has a lot of side effects.

Side effects caused by antibiotics

- Diarrhea, direction

- Affecting the kidneys

- Effect on the ears

- Decreased immunity in the body

Nipah Virus | Nipah virus outbreak in India

 

Nipah Virus Test 

History of Nipah Virus

In 1997, a new disease of pigs with respiratory problems and encephalitis appeared in Malaysia. The encephalitis like disease also  appeared in workers on affected pig farms soon afterwards of new disease of pigs. Over a two year period several hundred people got infected and more than 100 deaths occurred. In 1999 scientists succeeded to isolate a new virus from the brain of one of the patients who had died from encephalitis like disease. The virus was a paramyxovirus with similar characteristics to Hendra virus and it was named Nipah virus.

A research was conducted to find out details of Nipah virus including its possible reservoirs of infection. Research found  fruit eating bats of the genus Pteropus to be reservoirs of Nipah virus infection. Infectious virus was isolated from bat's urine and virus-specific antibodies were found in their blood.

Research found routes of transmission of Nipah virus as :
[  ] Bat to pig and pig to human transmission
[  ] Bat to human transmission
[  ] Human to human transmission

Nipah virus outbreak also occurred in Bangladesh and India in few years ago. In this outbreaks there was no evidence of transmission from pigs to human and it is also believed that transmission may have occurred from bats to humans. There was also evidence of human-to-human of the virus.

Nipah virus infection

Nipah virus , a bat borne virus causes Nipah virus infection in humans and other animals. So, Nipah virus infection is a zoonotic disease that transmitted to humans from animals and can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly from person-to-person. It causes asymptomatic illness to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis in infected people.

Although Nipah virus has caused only few outbreaks in Asia, it causes disease with high mortality rate. It infects wide range of animals and causes severe disease and death in people.

In 1997, the first recognized Nipah virus infection outbreak in Malaysia, which also affected Singapore, most human infections resulted from direct contact with sick pigs or their contaminated tissues. Transmission is thought to be occurred through unprotected exposure to secretions from the infected pigs or unprotected contact with the tissue of a infected animal.

In second Nipah virus infection outbreaks in India and Bangladesh, it was found that infection occurred by consuming fruits or fruit products contaminated with urine or saliva from infected fruit bats (Pteropus).

Human to human transmission of infection of Nipah virus has also be found to occur among family and care givers of infected people. So it is necessary to isolate infected persons as soon as possible.

Symptoms of Nipah virus infection

The symptoms of the infection range from asymptomatic illness to acute  respiratory infection, seizures and fatal encephalitis.

Infected people in early stage of illness mostly develop systems like fever, headache, myalgia, vomiting, sore throat. As infection become more severe, patients feel dizziness, drowsiness, altered consciousness, neurological signs that indicate encephalitis. Patients can also experience pneumonia and acute respiratory distress.  In severe conditions of patients, encephalitis and seizures result to coma within 24 to 48 hours of seizures.

Generally incubation period of illness is 4 to 14 days but in some  cases 45 days has been reported.
The case fatality rate of virus is estimated 40 to 75 percent which far more deadly than SARS-COV-2.

Treatment of Nipah virus infection

Currently there are neither drugs nor vaccine against Nipah virus infection. Intensive supportive care is recommended to treat severe respiratory distress and neurologic complications.

Nipah Virus Outbreaks in India in 2021

The death of a 12- year old boy on 5th  September, 2021 sparked worries of a Nipah virus outbreak in India. According to news papers published from Delhi, a twelve year old boy died of Nipah virus infection in Kozhikode, Kerala state, India, on 5th September, 2021. The  government of state is quickly ramping up efforts to stop a potential outbreak of the  deadly Nipah virus.

Kerala state of India is on high alert after a death of a boy due to Nipah virus infection. Health officials have started to do contact tracing and isolating hundreds of people who came in contact with the boy, who died at hospital in the coastal city of Kozhikode.
One health official said that more samples will be tested  and 48 people including eight people that are tested negative,  are  being monitored at a hospital. Health officials have been deployed to carry out door-to-door surveillance and identifying secondary contacts.

Kerala state of India faced with Nipah virus outbreak also in 2018. At that time more than a dozen people died from the Nipah virus.

Most Contagious and Deadly new variants of COVID-19

About covid-19 variants 

For the last one and a half years, the wave of covid-19 infection has been seen in the world. In the second wave of covid-19, its magnitude also looked quite serious. According to health experts, mutations in the virus are currently making it more deadly and contagious. So far, scientists have considered the Delta variant of covid-19 the most contagious. Meanwhile, some new variants have recently added to the concerns of experts.

Almost all the reports have shown that such a change in the new variant of covid-19 can easily deceive the body's immune system. The third wave of covid-19 is being debated around the world. Many have estimated that the wave is more serious and will affect children more.

In a recent report, scientists have suggested a variant of the covid-19 that could be even more dangerous than the delta. Scientists fear that these variants could cause serious complications in most infections.

Here are four dangerous variants listed by experts:

1. Covid's super variant - (Covid-22)

Immunologists at ETH Zurich University in Switzerland have warned people about Corona's super variant 'Covid-22'. Scientists say that depending on the nature of the variant, its infection could lead to serious health complications.

Not only that. Extremely powerful vaccines may be needed to avoid this variant. Scientists are of the opinion that the possible danger from covid-19 may be avoided in the future.

2. South African variant (C.1.2)

 Scientists have recently reported the severity of the South African variant C.1.2 of Covid. According to researchers at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) and the KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Squeezing Platform (KRISP), the variant first appeared in May.

It has been found in some cities in South Africa and later in other countries. Experts estimate that the covid vaccine has no effect on the virus.

3. Myu variants

The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced a new variant of Myu covid-19 in its weekly epidemic bulletin. It has been classified as a 'variant of interest', according to the study. Studies are still being done to find out.

4. Lambda variant of covid-19

A team of scientists studying the Lambda variant Corona recently reported that the Lambda variant of the corona has seven mutations. This deadly variant of the corona, first found in Peru, has spread to many countries around the world, including the United States and the United Kingdom. Health experts consider it more dangerous than the Delta variant of the Corona.

Scientists say that this type of corona variant has seen many mutations in the spike protein that significantly increase its infection rate. The WHO has also classified the Lambda variant as a 'variant of interest'.

Afghanistan and UNICEF Role in Health Services | Health crisis amid uncertainty and instability

Children after crisis in Afghanistan 

Overview 

Recent developments or national uncertainty developed in Afghanistan have taken heavy deaths and injuries on Afghan children and their families. Long running humanitarian crisis has become triple crisis; recent escalation in conflict, covid-19 and drought has cause whole health system to fail to operate smoothly.

Afghans are experiencing a very bad psychological condition. They are feeling tremendous fear and their health condition is getting worse and and worse.

Although already Afghanistan was most dangerous places in Asia in context of health facilities, recent escalation in conflict has  intensified emergency situations of public health.

The combined impact of insecurity, internal displacement, poverty, covid-19, water scarcity is being felt by the most vulnerable: children including children with disabilities, women including pregnant women and elderly.

Baby ,child and mother are vulnerable. The access to a hospital or health facility is far beyond the reach of most of Afgans.

Afghanistan has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world and thousands of Afghan women die every year from pregnancy-related causes. This condition is worsen by the  current uncertainty as Taliban militants captured the country.

The current uncertainty facing nation also has made uncertainty on health facilities, immunization for children, maternity care, international projects working there to assist health and other social sectors.

Now its time to see how UNICF performs its duty during this turmoil condition. Afghanistan uncertainty pose a threat to reach every child for their immunization, their nourishment and treatment .

Role of UNICEF for child and mother health in Afghanistan:

UNICEF with its office has completed more than half century on ground of Afghanistan to assist most vulnerable, especially child and mother.

So, UNICEF is a key organ in Afghanistan’s health system. It is continuing to work with its partners to support children and their families across the country. Despite the instability of the past few weeks, UNICEF is providing its services in most affected areas. It is trucking safe water to areas affected by drought.

Despite uncertainty and instability in Afghanistan UNICEF has committed to continue its work for children and families across the nation. As the lead United Nations agency  UNICEF wants yo reach to children who needs health support in hardest area without any obstacles from conflicting parties. For its humanitarian works , UNICEF is advocating with all parties to conflict for safe and unhindered access, in line with the Core commitment for children in Humanitarian Action, so that they can deliver much needed support to the Afghan population.

UNICEF wants to strengthen health facilities by providing training and essential newborn care equipment and deploying qualified health personnels .

Millions of people are under needs os essential services, including health, lifesaving vacation against polio and measles ,nutrition, protection,shelter, water and sanitation. UNICEF therefore increasing its lifesaving programmes for children and women- including through the delivery of health, nutrition and water services to displaced families.

As a lead of United Nations, UNICF  in Afghanistan is continuing its work through conflict and COVID-19. It is also calling  to end attacks on children. It is advocating for hard-won girls rights ,including access to education. It requests all conflicting parties to establish peace and security for children.

UNICEF recently has predicted that more than 18 million people including 10 million children are under needs of humanitarian assistance.  Organization also has predicted that 1 million children under age of 5 will be severely malnourished by the end of 2021.

UNICEF has also expressed its concerns over reports of escalating grave violation, including children being recruited by armed groups.

Challenges to UNICEF to run health programme in remote villages:

Recent developments in Afghanistan has added more challenges to UNICEF. It has following challenges:

• To reach remote areas to support vacation programmes

• To assist  vaccination for pregnant women to prevent nine disease

• To run child nutrition programmes in remote areas

• To run mobile health camp in needed areas

• To support specialised maternity " waiting homes and rooms " programme among vulnerable group in remote villages. 

Covid-19 and Diabetes | New diabetes cases linked to COVID-19 c

Covid-19 patients with diabetes 

Covid-19 and Diabetes 

Covid-19 emerged as a worldwide disaster 

Since its outbreak in December 2019,the covid-19 caused by SARS-COV-2 has spread to more than 210 nations, affecting over 212.14 million individuals and inflicting 4.43 million fatalities globally. Although the overall mortality rate is nearly 2%, people with diabetes mellitus ( DM) tend to have more severe disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome and increased fatality .

Here we discuss two aspects of covid-19 in context of diabetes: First is complications of covid-19 in people with diabetes and ; second is development of new diabetes in people after SARS-COV-2 infection. Second type of effect is called diabetogenic effect of COVID-19.

Complications of  COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus

Clinical data collected from different hospitals in the world has suggested that covid-19 has more serious complications in the patients with diabetes than in non diabetic patients. But it is not proved yet that people with diabetes are more likely to get infected with SARS-COV-2 than the general population. Although clinical data prior to this covid-19 pandemic has shown that people with diabetes are more likely to have more severe symptoms and complications when infected with any virus.

The risk of being serious illness due to Covid-19 can  be reduced by well managing diabetes of patients. It is also found that diabetes along with heart disease or other underlying health conditions increase the risk of being severely ill from covid-19. More than one underlying health conditions makes it harder for covid-19 patients to fight against infections.

Diabetogenic effect of COVID-19

Although it can't be proved yet, clinical data collected from different hospitals in the worldwide and different studies conducted by  experts showed diabetogenic effect of COVID-19 in some people who have not history of diabetes mellitus. Thus the growing evidence suggests that SARS-COV-2 infection might cause new diabetes mellitus in some people. This diabetogenic effects of covid-19 may pose threats in large population during this covid-19 pandemic.  Now many researchers have engaged to find exact mechanism of development diabetes due to Covid-19.

Here are some findings that say some new diabetes cases are linked to covid-19 :

Finding 1:

• In England,  one study tracked 4700 people admitted to hospital for treatment of  covid-19 before August 2020. Researchers kept contiue to follow their health regularly. Seven months after discharged from hospital 5% of people were found developing new diabetes mellitus.

• Researchers also revealed that people who had been admitted hospitals with covid-19 were 1.5 times more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus after their discharge than people of the same age and background who hadn't been admitted in hospital with covid-19.

Finding 2

• In Wuhan, China, the elevated blood sugar level was found in patients with covid-19 in early January 2020.

Finding 3

• During pandemic doctors in Italy observed association between SARS-COV-2 infection and onset of diabetes

Finding 4

• The association of SARS infection and onset of  diabetes was seen in past.

All findings showed one common point that new diabetes cases during this pandemic are linked to covid-19. It hasn't clearly been understood exactly how covid-19 triggers type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes  or whether the  cases are temporary or permanent.

Superfatation pregnancy | pregnancy over pregnancy

Superfatation baby

Can a woman get a fetus again while she is pregnant?  How would you react if you had to re-implant a fetus in the womb a few weeks into your pregnancy?  In medical language it is also called superfatation pregnancy or double pregnancy.

Concisely to say superfatation is a second new pregnancy during initial pregnancy. It is extremely rare in human and common some genus of animals.

What is superfatation pregnancy?

In a superfatation pregnancy, a woman's ovum (egg) produced during initial pregnancy get fertilized by sperm and second embryo implanted in the womb some days later than first one. Actually this may happen in the first few weeks of pregnancy.  According to experts, the second pregnancy can cause problems.  In many cases, newborns may also be malnourished.

Superfetus not twins

Having twins and being superfatation are two different situations.  When a woman carries two  embryos at a time, it is called twin pregnancy.  While in superfatation, a woman becomes pregnant again a few weeks after implanting first embryo in the womb.  The case of superfetus is most common in species such as fish and crocodiles.  People are less likely to have it.

Are both babies born at the same time?

Even if the embryos are transplanted at different times, the delivery is at the same time.  If there is a long time difference in the pregnancy of the fetus, the risk is higher during childbirth.  If another fetus is delivered before 37 weeks, the baby may be malnourished.

Why is superfetus considered unique?

In fact, when a woman becomes pregnant, the body's reproductive hormones stop working completely.  Due to which the egg is unable to work.  That is why superfatation is considered a unique phenomenon.

Which woman is more likely to have this?

According to experts, women undergoing IVF, fertility treatment or hormone treatment are more likely to have superfatation.  Because their ovaries are already ready for the baby.  Likewise, having sex during pregnancy can increase the risk of fetal problems.

Complications of superfatation

- Problems breathing after childbirth

- Problems of low birth weight in newborns

- Difficulty feeding the baby

- Bleeding in the brain

- Having breathing problems due to underdeveloped lungs

Marburg virus Disease: Deadly Marburg virus infected case reported for first time in West African countries Guinea

Marburg virus 

 

About Marburg virus 

On 9 August 2021, WHO published a news about outbreak  of Marburg virus disease (MVD) in Guinea, a west African country. According to WHO news , on 6 August 2021 , the Ministry of Guinea informed WHO of a confirmed case of Marburg virus disease in Guinea. It is also said that case of  Marburg virus disease is the  first in Guinea and in West Africa.

Marburg virus Disease was first documented in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany,  and in Belgrade, Serbia.

Marburg virus disease is a viral haemorrhagic fever caused by Marburg virus or Ravn virus .

It is also known as Marburg haemorrhagic fever. 

Both Marburg and Ebola viruses are the members of Filoviridae family or filovirus.

Clinical features of disease is very similar to the disease caused by Ebola. So disease is diagnosed by doing RT-PCR test in lab.

Marburg virus causes severe viral haemorrhagic fever in humans, often become fatal illness in humans. The average Marburg virus disease case fatality rate is around 50 percent. Data on past outbreak of MVD showed case fatality rate variation from 24 % to 88% depending on the strain of virus and case management.

Mode of transmission of Marburg virus

Marburg virus transmitts to people from bats and then spreads among humans through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous) with the blood ,secretions or body fluids of infected people .

Transmission of  virus remains more probable to health workers while treating Marburg virus disease patients due to lack of practicing infection control precautions .

Direct contact with deceased body during burial ceremonies can contribute in transmission of Marburg virus. Note that people remains infectious as long as their blood contains the virus.

Sign and symptoms of Marburg virus disease

The sign and symptoms of Marburg virus disease is very similar to Ebola virus disease.

The time period from infection to onset of symptoms which we called incubation period is 2 to 21 days.  Marburg virus disease begins with high fever, severe headache, severe malaise, muscle aches. Abdominal pain and cramping, severe diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting are also common symptoms which are mostly observed from third day of infection.

As patients reached to severe stage of disease bleeding occurs in multiple areas body . Many patients develops such haemorrhagic stage between 5 to 7 days of infection. Bleeding from nose,gums vagina causes more fatality in patients. During the severe phase of illness, patients have high fever.

In fatal cases, death occurs between 8 to 9 days after onset of symptoms.

Diagnosis of MVD

It is more difficult to clinically distinguish Marburg virus disease from other infectious diseases like Ebola, malaria, typhoid fever, meningitis, shigellosis and other viral haemorrhagic disease. To confirm that symptoms seen and noticed are due to Marburg virus, the following any one or two diagnostic test methods should be done;

• RT-PCR test

• Antigen detection tests

• Serum antibody test

• Virus isolation by cell culture method

• Electron microscopy

Treatment and vaccines for MVD

As to date there are no vaccines and  no antiviral treatments for Marburg virus . However, supportive care and treatment- rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids are found beneficial to patients . Supportive care is equally important to prevent secondary infections and increase survival rates in fatal cases. Antivirals drugs like remdesivir and Favipiravir have been used in clinical research.

Prevention and control of Marburg virus

Preventive and control measures of disease is same as other diseases.

Spread of virus can be prevented by:

• Reducing the risk of bat-to-human  transmission

• Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission in the community arising from direct or close contact with infected patients.

• Reducing the risk of possible sexual transmission.

• Applying approved outbreak containment measures such as social distancing, contact tracing, isolation of infected people, proper practice of burial of deceased people .

• Taking standard precautions by health care workers while caring for patients. They should follow basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe injection practices and safe and dignified burial practices.

It is more important to take precautionary measures in pig farms to avoid pigs becoming infected through contact with fruit bats. Such infection could potentially amplify the Marburg virus and could cause or contribute to Marburg virus disease outbreak .